Space & Astronomy/Space and Astronomy (October 1993).iso/pc/text/station/stfmedea.gly

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Glossary

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (AI)
The use of computers to perform tasks (such as robotics,
vision interpretation, problem solving, etc.) with a minimum
of pre-programmed direction.

ATTACHED PAYLOADS
Payloads located on manned base truss outside the
pressurized modules.

AUTOMATION
Mechanization of a process or system to pro-ceed without
human intervention.

BASELINE
A specification or product that has been re-viewed, agreed
upon, and that serves as the basis for further development
and can be changed only through change control proced-ures.

BASELINE PROGRAM
The first phase of the space station program, during which
permanently manned capabil-ity is achieved, and including
on-orbit instal-lation of the following components:

---Horizontal (transverse) boom
---Photovoltaic arrays generating 75 kW of power
---Flight Telerobotic Servicer
---Four pressurized modules (U.S. Lab & Habitation, ESA
Columbus Lab, JEM)
---First increment of Mobile Servicing System
---Resource Nodes
---Two polar platforms (one U.S., one ESA)

CO-ORBITING PLATFORM (COP)
A platform, co-orbiting with the space station manned base,
serviced by the Space Trans-portation System or an Orbital
Maneuvering Vehicle.  Provided in the reference
evolution-ary design of the space station program.
Nominally, co-orbiting objects occupy different positions
(right ascensions) in the same orbit.

COLUMBUS MODULE
The ESA-provided laboratory module that is part of the
baseline space station program  configuration.

COMMONALITY
The use of the same or similar hardware and software
throughout the space station pro-gram to accomplish the same
function, with the primary objective of reducing costs.

CONFIGURATION
(1) The arrangement of an information sys-tem as defined by
the nature, number, and chief characteristics of its
software and/or hardware functional units.  (2) The
require-ments, design, and implementation that de-fine a
particular version of a system or system component.  (3) The
functional and/or physic-al characteristics of
hardware/software as set forth in technical documentation
and achieved in a product.

ELEMENT
One of the following components of the space station:

#U.S.-PROVIDED ELEMENTS (PRESSURIZED)
---Habitation Module
---Laboratory Module
---Resource Nodes (four)
---Airlocks
---Hyperbaric Airlock
---Logistics Carrier

#U.S.-PROVIDED ELEMENTS (UNPRESSURIZED)
---Truss Element
---Mobile Transporter (MSS Base)
---Flight Telerobotic Servicer (FTS)
---Attached Payload Accommodations Equipment
---Servicing Facility (Evolutionary Phase)
---Solar Power System
---Propulsion Assembly
---Unpressurized Logistics Carriers

#INTERNATIONALLY PROVIDED ELEMENTS (PRESSURIZED)
---Columbus Module (ESA)
---JEM Laboratory and Exposed Facility (Japan)#
---JEM Logistics Module (Japan)

#INTERNATIONALLY PROVIDED
#ELEMENTS (UNPRESSURIZED)
---Mobile Servicing System (MSS) (Canada)
---MSS Maintenance Depot (Canada)
---Special Purpose Dexterous Manipulator (Canada)

EVOLUTIONARY GROWTH PHASE
The second phase of the space station pro-gram, during which
the following compon-ents might be added to the baseline
config-uration:
---Solar dynamic power system gener-ating 50 kW of power
---Upper and lower booms
---Final increment of Mobile Servicing System
---Co-orbiting platform

EXPENDABLE LAUNCH VEHICLE (ELV)
A ground-launched propulsion vehicle, cap-able of placing a
payload into Earth-orbit or Earth-escape trajectory, whose
various sta-ges are not designed for, nor intended for
re-covery and/or reuse.

EXPERT SYSTEMS
Software programs for solving problems in specific
disciplines, composed of procedural rules for that
discipline, a rule process, de-scriptive databases for that
discipline, and a knowledge base provided by a human expert
in that or a related disciplines.  Examples of expert
systems include programs that will translate complex,
out-of-context statements from one foreign language to
another, or that will diagnose and discriminate between
diseases.

EXTRAVEHICULAR ACTIVITY (EVA)
Operations performed by crew members
wearing life-support suits outside the habit-able
environment.

FIRST ELEMENT LAUNCH (FEL)
The first shuttle assembly flight of Space Station Freedom,
including structure and those subsystems necessary to
sustain the initial package until additional hardware
is placed in orbit.

FLIGHT TELEROBOTIC SERVICER (FTS)
A device attached to a space station manip-ulator or the
Orbital Maneuvering Vehicle which interfaces with the
payloads located on the space station, or with payloads
located on platforms or free-flyers in order to allow
servicing to be performed on-site.


HOOK
Aerospace jargon for a design feature to accommodate the
addition or upgrade of computer software at some future
time.

INTEGRATION
The process of combining software and, hard-ware elements,
networks, personnel, and procedures into an overall system.

INTERFACE
The point or area where a relationship exists between two or
more parts, systems, programs, persons, or procedures
wherein physical and functional compatibility is required.

INTERNATIONAL PARTNER
Any of the non-U.S. partners participating.  and sharing in
the design, development, and operation of the space station:
National Re-search Council of Canada, National Space
De-velopment Agency (NASDA) of Japan, and the European Space
Agency (ESA).

INTRAVEHICULAR ACTIVITIES (IVA)
Operations performed by crew members with-in the habitable
environment.

JAPANESE EXPERIMENT MODULE (JEM)
The Japanese-provided laboratory module (including an
Experiment Logistic Module) that is part of the baseline
station configura-tion.

LEVEL 0
Office of the NASA Administrator at Headquarters.

LEVEL I
Management organization at the level of the NASA Associate
Administrator for the Office of Space Station at NASA
Headquarters.

LEVEL II
Management organization at the level of the NASA Space
Station Program Office in Reston, Virginia.

LEVEL III
Management organization at the level of the NASA field
center Space Station Project Offices.

LOGISTICS
The management, engineering, and support
activities required to provide personnel, ma-terials,
consumables and expendables to the space station elements
reliably.

LIFE CYCLE COST (LCC)
The entire cost of a program or project from inception to
ultimate disposition.  Estimating life cycle cost is
important to understanding long term impacts of
decision-making early in the lifetime of a program.

MANNED BASE
Major, manned core of the Space Station Free-dom program
providing permanent manned presence in space.  The manned
base includes all the U.S. and partner-provided manned
ele-ments, plus all the related systems and struct -ure,
except for co-orbiting platforms and free-flyers.

MAN-TENDED CAPABILITY (MTC)
The capability to operate the space station un-manned except
for periodic visits by the Shut-tle crew for servicing and
maintenance.


MAN-TENDED FREE-FLYER (MTFF)
A spacecraft that may require servicing by the space station
or an Orbital Maneuvering Ve-hicle but is not associated
with one of the plat-forms.  Free-flyers may have their own
move-  ment capability or require an Orbital Man- euvering
Vehicle for orbit maneuvers.

MOBILE REMOTE MANIPULATOR SYSTEM (MRMS)
A large relocatable, tele-operated robotic manipulator which
is provided by Canada.  The station equivalent of the
Shuttle Remote Manipulator System but which is mounted on a
mobile transport mechanism.  It will be able to access all
critical areas on the exterior of the station and will be
controlled by the crew from inside the pressurized modules
and potential-ly during Extravehicular Activity or remotely
from the Shuttle or Space Station Support Center.

MOBILE SERVICING SYSTEM (MSS)
The station's Mobile Remote Manipulator System facility,
consisting of one or more Canadian-provided manipulator
systems and a U.S.-provided transport mechanism, located  on
the truss structure for assembly, mainten-ance and external
payload processing.

NATIONAL SPACE TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM (NSTS)
The Shuttle program and its supporting facilities.

ORBITAL MANEUVERING VEHICLE (OMV)
The unmanned propulsive stage used to ferry between the
station or Shuttle and a platform or free-flyer.  It will be
used either to bring the spacecraft to the station or
Shuttle for ser-vicing or to perform servicing in-site via a
smart front end.  (Not part of the Space Station Freedom
program but used by it.)

ORBITAL REPLACEMENT UNIT (ORU)
The lowest level of component or subsystem hardware and
software that can be replaced in orbit.

PAYLOAD
An aggregate of instruments and software
for performance of specific scientific or applic-ations
investigations or for commercial prod-uction.  Payloads may
be inside pressurized modules, attached to the space station
struct-ure, attached to a platform, or they may be
free-flyers.

PERMANENTLY MANNED CAPABILITY (PMC)
The capability to operate the space station with a human
crew on board, 24 hours a day, 365 days a year.

PLATFORM
An unmanned orbital element of the space station program
that provides standard sup-port services to payloads not
attached to the space station.

POLAR ORBITING PLATFORM (POP)
An unmanned spacecraft in polar or near po-lar inclination
operated from the ground and dependent on the space station
program to provide services for a complement of pay-loads.

ROBOTICS
The technology and devices (sensors, effect-ors, and
computers) for carrying out, under human or automatic
control, physical tasks that would otherwise require human
abil-ities.  (See automation.)

SCAR
Aerospace jargon for design features to accommodate the
addition or upgrade of
hardware at some future time.

SOFTWARE SUPPORT ENVIRONMENT (SSE)
Computer hardware, networks, software,standards, and
procedures forming an inte-grated whole.  In the context of
the space sta-tion program, the function of the Software
Support Environment is to enhance the de-sign,
implementation, test, integration, and maintenance of the
Space Station Informa-tion System software for the duration
of the program.

SPACE STATION INFORMATION SYSTEM (SSIS)
Those hardware and software subsystems that interface with
the sensors and effectors of the orbital space station
elements and the data processing facilities of the various
users.  It is composed of both spaceborne and ground based
subsystems.

SYSTEM
One of the following components of the space stations:
---Electrical Power System (EPS)
---Data Management System (DMS)
---Thermal Control System (TCS)
---Communications and Tracking System (C&T)
---Guidance, Navigation, and Control System (GN&C)
---Extravehicular Activity System (EVA)
---Environmental Control and Life Support System (ECLSS)
---Fluid Management System (FMS)
---Man Systems

SYSTEM INTEGRATION
The process of uniting the parts of the space station
program into a complete and function-ing space station with
associated platforms.  Results in the specific decisions
(e.g., types of connectors to be used at an interface,
modifica-tions required as a result of a verification
test-ing, etc.) required to accomplish this task.

SYSTEMS ENGINEERING
The process of analytically determining the optimal space
station configuration and assoc-iated program elements from
a combined ini-tial, life cycle, user cost, and user
performance perspective.  Results in an integrated set of
re-quirements and an allocated set of functions and
resources for the total system and its in-teraction with all
related factors throughout development and operations.

TECHNICAL AND MANAGEMENT
IN FORMATION SYSTEM (TMIS)
An advanced network of compatible hardware and integrated
software used to provide sys-tematic technical and
management information development and exchange between
space station program personnel.

TELESCIENCE
Telescience identifies a mode of operation in which a
distributed set of users can interact directly with their
instruments, whether in space or ground facilities, with
databases, data handling and processing facilities, and with
each other.  Telescience comprises the aspects of
Teledesign, allowing remote inter-action with design
databases, transfer of drawings, etc.; Teleoperations,
involving interactive in-strument control, as well as
operational interaction with crew from remote locations; and
Teleanalysis, wherein users interact with data sets and data
processing facilities from remote locations.

USER
Any organization, group, or individual who uses or plans to
use the space station or any other space station program
facility for the operation of a payload or related mission.

WORK BREAKDOWN STRUCTURE (WBS)
A product-oriented, family-tree hierarchy which contains the
levels of work required to be accomplished in order to
achieve an objec-tive.  For a program, the WBS is developed
by starting with the end objective of the program which is
subdivided into projects which are each then further
subdivided into systems, subsystems, assemblies, and
components which are the logical and necessary steps to
achieve each project objective.  The total est-imated cost
for any item at any level is equal to the sum of the
estimated costs for all items below it.

WORK PACKAGE (WP)
A WP is a complement of program activities which is assigned
to a selected responsible NASA field installation.  A WP
describes the type and scope of activity to be performed at
any level of detail and can include develop-ment of
hardware, software, interfaces, syst-ems operation, and
system utilization operations.